Dyspnoea This article discusses different causes of dyspnoea, stages of dyspnoea, and more. Keywords : Psychometric | 5-point Likert Scale (5PLS) | MRC breathlessness scale| COPD| Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Causes 3. Stages and severity 4. Treatment 5. Prognosis About’ total physiology.com.’ This article is part of my mission to provide trustworthy, recent health information to support the general public, patients, and professionals globally. Here you will find human Physiology and health-related topics. This article is intended for all learners and medical care providers. This activit...
Underweight: Causes and Risks
This article discusses different types of underweight and how to diagnose and categorize underweight persons. Here,
learn about the causes, risks, and healthy ways to restore healthy weight.
Keywords: Underweight| Malnourished| BMI| Immunity | Osteoporosis| Libido| Vaccines |Infertility|Amenorrhea| Healthy life| Healthy lifestyle| overweight |obese|healthy diet| wellness| self care
Table of content
1. Introduction
2. Definition
3. Prevalence
4. Reasons
5. Health risks
6. Prevention and improvement
7. Professional help
About' totalphysiology.com.'
This article is part of my mission to
provide trustworthy recent health information to support the general public,
patients, and professionals globally.
Here you will find human Physiology,
Anatomy, and health-related topics.
Our target audience
is underweight/obese adults and their family members.
This article is intended for an international audience of medical care providers and learners. Primary care
physicians and other healthcare providers may also benefit from this
article.
This activity aims for learners to better apply the latest scientific knowledge.
Upon completing the article, you will have increased knowledge regarding the subject and use it with great confidence.
Introduction
Obesity is a well-discussed health
concern. WHO declared it a chronic disease. Obesity enjoys a unique attraction worldwide.
Obesity has masked 'underweight.'
Being underweight' also invites severe risks to health.
On the body weight scale, obesity
occupies one end, and underweight entertains the other. Both are hazardous for a person's everyday health. An underweight person is undernourished and
exposed to severe health-related problems.
Being underweight is usually related
to poverty, ignorance, and social stigmas. The incidence of underweight is also
due to political disturbance.
Definition: When a person's body weight is below the recommended range for his height and weight, he is underweight. Underweight persons mean persons weigh less than they should.
In another way, when a person's BMI is
below 18.5 kg/m-2, he is underweight.
Although the Body Mass Index (BMI) is a proxy measurement, it is a universally accepted index that recognizes whether a person is underweight, has average weight, or is obese.
According to WHO, categories of BMI are
Categories BMI (kg/m-2)|
Severe underweight <16
Moderate underweight 16-16.9
Mild underweight 17-18'4
Average weight 18.5-24.9
Overweight 25 -29.9
Mild obesity 30-34.9
Moderate obesity 35-39.9
Severe obesity 40 and above.
BMI has traditionally been used to
assess a person's health. Calculation of BMI ( Body Mass Index)
·
BMI is received when a person's
weight in kilograms is divided by height in meters squared.
·
Dividing a person's weight in
pounds x 703 by height in inches squared.
Underweight may be determined by
comparison. For people who are 15% below (15 -20%), the average weight of
people of similar age, sex, and height is underweight.
Body fat percentage is better than
BMI. Body fat percentage determines the differences between adipose tissue and
muscle tissues.
According to the American Council for
Exercise, being underweight depends on the body. They are underweight when
essential fat is less than 10 to 13% for women and 2 to 5 % for men.
An underweight individual can 'eat
what they want' and burn it off with high metabolism levels.
Prevalence :
The age-standardized global prevalence
of underweight in 2014 is
Female -9.7% and men -8.8%.
These values were 14.6% and 13.8% in 1975, respectively. This indicates that the incidence of underweight is decreasing globally.
This decrease may be due to the combined efforts of government policies, extensive awareness programs, immunization,non-government agencies' media, increased agriculture production, and edible products. Increased per capita income and literacy improve the incidence of underweight.
Reasons :
· People have a
light built by heredity.
·
Lack of food or less food due
to poverty.
·
Due to ignorance or religious
beliefs, eating the wrong, unhealthy, and unbalanced food.
·
Lack of sufficient quantities
of essential amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals.
·
Poor digestion of food due to
enzymatic deficiencies, which may be due to genetic factors or acquired, will
cause underweight.
·
The gastrointestinal tract
cannot absorb nutrients properly due to diseases of the liver, pancreas,
gastrointestinal tracts, and related organs that may cause weight loss.
·
Parasitic infestations- are
widespread in developing countries.
·
Increased energy expenditure
·
Increased metabolic demand due
to diseases -thyrotoxicosis, severe infections
·
Mental and physical illness
·
Eating disorders-anorexia
nervosa, bulimia nervosa
·
Drugs that depress appetite- anorexic
/anorectic drugs.
·
Unexplained weight loss may be
due to some diseases, e.g., cancer, tuberculosis, inflammatory bowel disease,
hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus, etc.
·
Stress, anxiety, and depression
will cause significant weight loss.
·
Alcohol in excess.
·
Insomnia- lack of quality
sleep.
Stress, anxiety, and depression may be
due to low weight. Family and friends should support in case of depression.
The underweight may be divided into
two broad divisions:
One is primary, and the other is secondary.
Primary underweight is due to lack of
food- nutrition in proper quantities.
Secondary underweight is due to some
underlying diseases. Correction of the underlying condition will lead to weight
gain.
Potential health risks of being
underweight:
Underweight persons are susceptible to
different types of diseases.
·
Their immunity is usually
depressed, allowing different infectious and other diseases.
·
Poor physical stamina,
lusterless face, lethargy,
·
Osteoporosis
·
Decreased muscle mass
·
Loss of libido
·
Hormonal deficiencies
·
Amenorrhea
·
Infertility
·
Complications during pregnancy
-baby with low birth weight and congenital disabilities.
·
Dull skin and Hair loss
·
Brittle nails.
Prevention and improvement of underweight
Individual effort:
Improve lifestyle- say no to smoking, avoid alcohol, exercise regularly, and sleep for six to eight hours.
Avoid tension and stress.
Take vaccines regularly as guided by WHO and local authorities.
Improve your diet. Increase calorie
intake with the proper amount of macronutrients and micronutrients.
Consume more frequent meals. Never
avoid hunger pangs, and pay attention to fullness clues.
Adopt a balanced and nutritious diet
for healthy weight gain.
Do not use high-sugar or
high-fat-containing food.
Consumption of liquid nutrients is
essential in severely underweight people.
Exercise—Underweight people gain
weight through exercise since muscle hypertrophy increases body mass and
overall body composition. It also improves bone mineral density.
In addition, exercise stimulates a person's appetite.
Orexigenic drugs are drugs that increase appetite as their primary function or side effect. Examples of orexigenic medicines are antidepressants, antipsychotics, and antihistaminics.
Professional help:
Dietitians or doctors can provide beneficial guidance. They can assess individual needs and provide tailored recommendations. They can also promote gradual weight gain and monitor progress.
Psychological support and therapy are
essential for those suffering from depression, anxiety, stress, and eating
disorders.
Prioritize your overall health and
well-being.
Activities at the government and
social level
·
Increase awareness about a
balanced diet.
·
Increase and ensure the
availability of food to every citizen.
·
Immunization
·
Fortification of food with
vitamins or micronutrients.
·
Identify underweight persons
and provide health services to them.
Prioritize your overall health and
well-being.
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Internal links:
https://totalphysiology.com/2021/10/bmi-body-mass-index calculation utility.html
https://totalphysiology.com/2021/05/dietary-fibre-we-must-know.html
https://totalphysiology.com/2023/01/benefits-of-exercise-mental-effects.html
External links:
https://www.who.int/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underweight
https://healthootopia.com/blog/skin-care-in-pcos
https://www.district performancephysio.com/post/why-am-i-dizzy-10-common-causes
https://restorativewellnessmd.com/mood-management/
https://williamlittlefoundation.org/ourwork/
https://bmiedge.com/bmi-for-women/
Disclaimer: All possible measures have been taken to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the information; however, 'totalphysiology.com' does not take any liability for using any information provided by the website solely to the viewers. 'The information is provided as an educational service and public awareness. It is not medical advice. We advise you to review a reference book in case of any doubt and more accurate and advanced knowledge.
If you have any medical issues, we advise you to seek the advice of a qualified doctor and follow his
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Very inspiring article
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