Photo created by the author with canva AntiDiuretic Hormone|vasopressin |Endocrinology Keywords : What is anti-diuretic hormone. What are the main functions of ADH? What is vasopressin? Herring bodies| Magnocellular neurosecretory neurons | Prepropressophysin| Neurophysin II Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Site of secretion 3. Regulation of secretion 4. Mechanism of secretion 5. Functions Introduction In this article, we will learn about anti-diuretic hormones in detail, including the site of secretion, the regulation of its secretion, the mechanism of action, and more. About’ totalphysiology.com.’ This article is part of my mission to provide trustworthy recent health information to support the general public, patients, and professionals globally. Here, you will find human Physiology and health-related topics. This article is intended for all learners and medical care providers. This activity aims for learners to better apply the latest scientific knowledge.
© 2021 Google
,MTTH=mammilothalamic tract,ANT=anterior nucleus of thalamus.AN=arcuate nucleus,Mcht=medial cortical hypothalamic tract.PC=pirifrm cortex,LN=lateral nucleus,VP=ventral pathway, AM=amydloid ,ST= stria terminals, VMN=ventromedial c, ,SO=supraoptic,PPG=posterior pituitary gland,HHNT=hypo-hypohysial neural tract.RF=reticular formation, SN=septic nucleus, M=medulla, AF=adrenergic fibre,VH=ventral hypothalamus,,LC=locus cerules, PVN=paraventricular nucleus,DHN=dorsal hypothalamus nucleus,SCN=supra chiasmatic nucleus,AB=anterior bundle, VB=ventral bundle,TS=tractus soltarious,RHT=retino hypothalamus tract, ON=optic nerve.
Hypothalamus connections and
functions.
The
hypothalamus has many connections with other structures of the brain. The
strongest afferents and efferents connections of the hypothalamus are from the
basal rhinencephalic structures that include 1. Amygdala,2. Hippocampus,3.
Anterior nuclei and internal medullary nuclei of the thalamus and 4.Reticular
formation and periaqueductal grey matter of the brain stem. Frontohypothalamic
and retinohypothalamic connections are well developed.
The afferents
and efferents do not come from 1.cerebellum,2.most of the general cortical
surfaces, 3.lemniscal system-medial, lateral, spinal, and trigeminal.
In general,
the hypothalamus will send efferents to its afferent sources, either directly
or through feedback circuits.
The primary
afferents are from
1. Limbic
system,
2.Midbrain
tegmentum
3.Retina
–retinohypothalamic tract,
4.Thalamus
–thalamohypothalamic tract,
5. Basal
ganglion-pallidohypothalamic tract
1.Amygdaloid
nucleus via
a) stria terminals to and from the ventromedial nucleus of
the hypothalamus.
b) ventral pathway to and from lateral hypothalamus.
Hippocampus:
via
a) Posterior commissural fibers of
fornix to the mammillary nucleus and lateral hypothalamus.
b) Medial corticalhypothalimic tract to
the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.
Medulla via
adrenergic fibers to the ventral hypothalamus.
Ventrolateral
medulla and tractus are solitarious via nor-epinephrine secreting neurons to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.
Dorsal and
other raphie nuclei via serotonergic fibers to the hypothalamus.
Locus
ceruleus via nor-epinephrine secreting neurons to the dorsal hypothalamus.
Optic nerve
from optic chiasma via retinohypothalamic tract.
Medial and
midline thalamic nuclei via thalamohypothalaimic tract to the hypothalamus
Lenticular
nucleus via pallidohypothalamic tract to the hypothalamus.
Major
efferents from the hypothalamus
Ventromedial
nucleus to Amygdaloid nucleus via the stria
terminalis.
Lateral
hypothalamus to septal nucleus-projected to the hippocampus via medial
forebrain bundle.
Lateral
hypothalamus to Amygdaloid nucleus via the ventral pathway
Lateral
hypothalamus to reticular formation of tegmentum via mammillo tegmental tract.
Medial mammillary
nucleus-anterior thalamic nucleus via mammillothalamic tract.
Supra optic
and paraventricular nuclei to the posterior pituitary via hypothalamo
hypophysial tract.
Adenohypophysis:
The anterior pituitary consists of pars tuberalis, pars distalis, and pars
intermedia. Hypothalamic nuclei secrete some releasing and some inhibitory hormones
that influence the secretion of hormones of the anterior pituitary. These
hormones enter the anterior pituitary via the hypothalamo hypophysial portal
tract.
Neurohypophysis,
which is also known as the posterior pituitary, develops from the diencephalon.
The hypothalamo hypophysial neural tract carries hormones from supraoptic and
paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. The supraoptic neurons are also
known as magnocellular neurosecretory neurons. The hypothalamo hypophysial neural
tract contains unmyelinated nerve fibers of the said nuclei. The supraoptic
neurons secrete ADH, i.e., antidiuretic hormone and the paraventricular neurons
secrete oxytocin. These hormones are secreted in the neurons and transported
with a carrier protein through the unmyelinated nerve fibers to the posterior pituitary
for storage. The stored hormones are released by exocytosis and enter into the
adjacent capillaries. The carrier protein is known as neurophysins.
 |
| Nuclei of hypothalamus,and their connections Hp=Hippocamus,Pcf =posterior commissural fibre and fornix,MB=mammillary body |
Functions of the hypothalamus:
1.Endocrinal
functions:
The
hypothalamus regulates the anterior pituitary gland's secretion by its
hormones. The hypothalamus secretes hypothalamic releasing hormones, which will
stimulate the release of a particular hormone from the anterior pituitary, and hypothalamic
inhibiting hormones, which will inhibit the release of a specific hormone from
the anterior pituitary. Thus it controls the whole endocrinal system of the
body. In addition, the paraventricular neurons secrete oxytocin and the
supraoptic neurons secrete an antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
2.
Homeostasis:
Control and
integrate functions of ANS
The
posterior group of nuclei activates the sympathetic nervous system, while the
middle group activates the parasympathetic nervous system.
The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, thirst, hunger, water intake, food
intake, and cardiovascular system functions.
3.Higher
brain functions: controls the circadian rhythm and diurnal variations, sleep-waking system, emotional expression, social behavior, and sexual behavior.
Lesions of
the hypothalamus causes
1.Change in
personality, emotional and social behaviors.
2.Lesion of
the anterior group of nuclei causes hyperthermia, and that of posterior nuclei
causes hypothermia.
3. Lesion of
the mammillary nuclei causes hypersomnia.
4. Lesion of
the ventro median nucleus (satiety center) causes excessive eating.
5. Lesion of the lateral nucleus (feeding center) causes anorexia-loss of appetite.
6. Lesion of
the hypothalamus causes disturbance in endocrine secretions and its
effect,e.g., it may cause hyperglycemia or hyperglycemia, may cause diabetes
mellitus and diabetes insipidus, and many others.
External link :
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy
Hey what a brilliant post I have come across and believe me I have been searching out for this similar kind of post for past a week and hardly came across this. Thank you very much and will look for more postings from you Best Diane 35 service provider
ReplyDelete