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Plasma membrane
This article discusses different aspects of plasma membranes. Here,
learn about the structure, functions, and more.
Keywords: Cell| Thickness|Lipid bilayer|Lipoproteins | Extrinsic|Intrinsic| Transmembrane Receptors|Down-regulation|Up-regulation |Phospholipids|Pinocytosis| Exocytosis |Channels
Table of contents
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1. |
Introduction |
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2. |
Structure |
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3. |
Functions of proteins in cell membrane |
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4. |
Functions of cell membrane. |
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5. |
Links |
About’ totalphysiology.com.’
This article is part of my mission to
provide trustworthy recent health information to support the general public,
patients, and professionals globally.
Here you will find human Physiology,
Anatomy, and health-related topics.
 |
| Structure of cell membrane. |
 |
| Structure of a lipid molecule |
Introduction: Each cell is a different entity and is separated from each others
by its membrane, known as the cell membrane. A cell maintains its integrity due
to its membrane.
What is the basic unit of life?
It is a cell.
The plasma membrane is known as the
cell membrane. Plasmalemma also denotes the plasma membrane. The cell membrane
surrounds a cell, separating the interior of the cell from the exterior and
another cell.
The thickness of the cell membrane
It is a very thin layer with about 70
to 100-angstrom thickness.[1A=10-10 mts. ] One angstrom is equal to 10
nanometers.
Structure of the cell membrane:
Two layers of lipids- lipid bilayer-
in which embedded proteins compose the cell membrane.
Protein is usually attached within the
two layers of the lipid.
Chemical composition of the cell
membrane:
The cell membrane consists of 20 to
40% lipid, 62 -70% protein, and
carbohydrate 1-5%.
Chemically proteins are of two types :
1. Lipoproteins are lipid plus
proteins; they act as enzymes and Ion channel
2. Glycoproteins are carbohydrates +
proteins that work as receptors for
neurotransmitters.
Types of proteins based on their
presence on the cell membrane:
1. Intrinsic proteins present in the
inner surface of the cell membrane
2. Extrinsic plasma proteins are on
the outer surface of the
plasma membrane and are also known as
peripheral proteins. They provide mechanical strength to the cell-cytoskeleton
3. Transmembrane proteins extend
throughout the cell membrane.
Functions of the cell membrane proteins:
Channels: Ions or small water-soluble molecules diffuse through these
trans-membrane proteins. They are chemically glycoproteins.
Careers active or passive transport across the cell membrane Pumps
Receptors are glycoproteins in nature.
Receptors bind with hormones and
initiate or trigger intracellular reactions.
There are numerous receptors on the
cells. The number of receptors varies according to the need of the body
Down-regulation occurs when the
hormone or neurotransmitters are
in excess. Their receptors decrease in
number to limit the actions of the hormones or neurotransmitters.
Up-regulation is when the hormones or neurotransmitters are in less amount. Their receptors increase in number to increase the functions of the hormones or neurotransmitters.
This up and down regulations of
receptors are essential physiological phenomena. It explains denervation
hypersensitivity and tolerance to some drugs.
Phospholipids
The phospholipids are arranged into
two layers with hydrophilic ("water-loving") heads towards internal
and external sides and hydrophobic ("water-fearing") tails in between
the two layers.
The head end of the molecule contains
a phosphate portion and is polar and water-loving hydrophilic. This polar end
faces the external and internal side of the cell, that is, extracellular and
intracellular fluid.
The tail end contains two fatty acid
chains. They are non-polar,water-fearing, that is, hydrophobic. The tails face
each other in the interior of the cell membrane, which is a water deficit.
A large amount of cholesterol
molecules are present in the interior of the cell membrane, i.e., between the
two layers of the cell membrane. Therefore, cholesterol molecules move freely
in the cell. This is the basis of the Fluid Mosaic model of the cell membrane.
The 'Fluid Mosaic Model' says that the
cell membrane has the characteristics of a fluid layer. Therefore cell is quite
flexible and can undergo considerable changes in shape.
Functions of cell membrane:
1. Protection
2. Pinocytosis
3. Exocytosis
4. Provide framework-cytoskeleton
6. Work as enzymes, receptors, carriers, and channels.
Hope it will help.
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Upon completing the article, you will have increased knowledge regarding the subject and use it with great confidence.
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# tags: Cell # Thickness#Lipid bilayer#Lipoproteins # Extrinsic#Intrinsic# Transmembrane Receptors#Down-regulation #Up-regulation #Phospholipids#Pinocytosis# Exocytosis #Learn-and-fly.co.in
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https://blog.totalphysiology.com/2022/10/transport-across-cell-membrane.html
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