Methods of Blood Grouping| Blood Typing| Blood Test

                                Methods of Blood Grouping and Blood Typing 

Blood group, you should know by canva

 This article discusses different methods for determining your blood group. Learn about tests, procedures, indications, and more.

Keywords: 

Human Physiology| Knowledge| Self study |Forward typing | Reverse or backward typing | Tube test | Microplate technology | Zone phenomenon | Cold antibodies | Warm antibody | Agglutination | Agglutinogen | Agglutinin IgM | IgG

Table of Contents:

1.	Introduction
2.	Types of tests
3.	Recent advance
4.	Clinical
5.	Links

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Introduction:

In humans, many blood groups are present. The central blood group systems are ABO and Rh systems, so for practical purposes, blood is examined for blood groups A, B, AB, O, Rh-positive and Rh-negative. 

All of us are examined for blood group. It is essential for many documents like a driver's license. In humans, many blood groups are present. The main blood group systems are ABO and Rh systems, so for practical purposes, blood is examined for blood groups A, B, AB, O, Rh-positive and Rh-negative. 

Types of Blood Grouping

Blood grouping is of two types:

1. Forward typing and

2. Reverse or backward typing

How to determine blood group - 

Forward typing: There are three methods to determine the blood group.

1. Slide method
2. Tube method
3. Microplate method. 

The slide method is most commonly used. 

First, 2 ml of isotonic saline ( 0.9% NaCl solution ) is taken in a clean test tube. Then, the patient's consent is obtained, and the blood collection process is explained. His left ring finger is pricked with proper antiseptic and aseptic conditions for unrestricted blood flow.

 

Next, the first drop of blood is removed with a cotton swab soaked in spirit, and two drops of blood are added to the test tube containing the saline. The blood and saline are mixed by rolling the tube between the palms and inverting it. The red blood suspension is then prepared.

Three clean and dry glass slides are placed on a flat lab table. A line is drawn in the middle of each slide, dividing it into two parts with a glass marker. Half of the slides are marked C and used for control. The other half are labeled A, B, and D . Here, C stands for control, A for anti-A, B for anti-B, and D for anti-D.

One drop of anti-A is placed on the A slide. Likewise, one drop of anti-B and anti-D is added to the slides assigned for them. Then, one drop of blood suspension is added to each anti-sera and mixed adequately with separate toothpicks. 

One drop of normal saline is placed on the C side of each slide. Then, one drop of blood suspension is added to each saline drop and mixed adequately with separate toothpicks or small glass rods. 

Examination of Slides

After ten minutes, slides are examined for agglutination. First, it is noted whether agglutination has occurred or not. Naked eyes recognize it, but a microscope's low power confirms it. The test mixture is also compared with its corresponding control.

If agglutination occurs, the hemolysed red blood cells appear as isolated dark red masses of different sizes and shapes, which will not disperse by rocking and tilting the slide. Under the low power of the microscope, the clumps are visible as dark masses, and the individual red blood cells are not visible.

Red blood cells may form many rouleaux in the control mixture, an orange suspension, but they will disperse after gently blowing the slides.

Result: 

  Blood group ABO system        Anti-A                          Anti-B

   A                                        + agglutination           no- agglutination

 

  B                                          no- agglutination       + agglutination

 

  AB                                        + agglutination          + agglutination

 

  O                                          no- agglutination     no- agglutination

 

   

  Blood group Rh- typing                         

                                           Anti-D

 

  Rh-Positive                + agglutination

 

  Rh-Negative               no- agglutination

    

 

Reverse or backward typing: 

The serum is mixed with red blood cells, whose blood group we must determine. This typing usually occurs in leukemias where red blood cell antigens may weaken.

In some infections, especially pseudomonas, the red blood cells may agglutinate by all agglutinins. This is due to the unmasking of hidden antigens.

If serum causes agglutination when mixed with 

B cell, blood group, is A,

 A cell, blood group, is B, 

A and B cells, blood group, is O,

When no clumping occurs with either A or B cells, the blood group is A.B.

Tube test methods

This is a more sensitive and reliable method. In this method, blood cells and saline are taken in a test tube, and then one drop of each anti-A and anti-B is added separately to these tubes. Then, the tubes are centrifuged for minutes and observed for agglutination.

Microplate Technology

Microplate technology is a very sensitive and fast method.  

Precautions : 

The glass slides must be dry and grease-free.

The droppers, glass rods, or toothpicks must not be interchanged.

Why is blood grouping done?

1. For blood transfusion. 

2. To detect Rh-compatibility.

3. For medicolegal purposes. 

Why is blood diluted? 

When there are more red blood cells, the cells may mop up the agglutinin, and no agglutination occurs. However, agglutinins react well with diluted red blood cells.   

 What is the Zone phenomenon : 

Proper agglutination occurs when agglutinogen and agglutinin are in equal amounts. However, if there is a significant difference, agglutination may be doubtful. This is known as the Zone phenomenon.

Cold and warm antibodies 

Anti-A and anti-B are cold antibodies. They react best at low temperatures, 5-20 degrees Celsius. They are IgM and intravascular and can not cross the placenta.

Anti-D is a warm antibody that reacts best at a body temperature of 35-37 degrees Celsius. Therefore, it is called a warm antibody. These antibodies are IgG and can cross the placenta.

Body fluids can determine the blood group.

Blood group antigens are water-soluble and present in many body fluids, such as saliva and mucus. In a group of people known as secretors, blood group antigens are more abundant than saliva and other body fluids. Thus, in secretors, blood groups can be determined by saliva and other body fluids. Blood typing kits using saliva are available, but they are costly.

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Tag: 

Forward typing # Reverse or backward typing # Tube test # Slide test | Microplate Technology # Zone phenomenon # Cold antibodies# Warm antibody | Agglutination # Agglutinogen # Agglutinin, IgM  | IgG #

Internal link:

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External link:

https://www.nhs.uk>conditions>bi

https://www.healthline.com>health

https://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov>pmc

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Q1.Why is blood diluted?.

When there are more red blood cells, the cells may mop up the agglutinin, and no agglutination occurs. However, agglutinins react well with diluted red blood cells.

What is the Zone phenomenon?

Proper agglutination occurs when agglutinogen and agglutinin are in equal amounts. However, if there is a significant difference, agglutination may be doubtful. This is known as the Zone phenomenon.