Tidal Volume-Explained There are several lung volume types, some static and some dynamic. Tidal volume is one of the essential volumes. Tidal volume and lung capacity are two critical aspects of overall health. Understanding tidal volume is crucial for optimizing respiratory health and increasing full fitness potential. It is essential in determining how much oxygen enters the body and how much carbon dioxide exits. Tidal volume is the amount of air that is inspired or expired during normal breathing. Keywords : Lung volumes|Respiratory function test| Pulmonary function tests|Respiration| Lung capacity| Inspiratory|Expiratory| Reserve volume Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Definition 3. Standard Value 4. Fa...
Purpura | Causes| Diagnosis
Keywords: Thrombasthenia |Thrombocytosis |alpha granules |delta |lambda | Purpura hemorrhagica | Platelet-derived growth factor|
Table of
contents
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1. |
Introduction |
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2. |
Platelets |
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3. |
Thrombasthenia |
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4. |
Types of purpura |
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5. |
Diagnosis |
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6. |
Treatment |
Purpura is a clinical condition characterized by spontaneous bleeding under the skin, mucous membrane, and internal organs. Bleeding points under the skin appear as red or purple spots all over the body that do not blanch or disappear on applying pressure. The blood spots in purpura are usually 3-10 mm.
The term purpura originates from Lain purpura, “purple”. Purpura is a clinical condition, not the name of an individual bleeding spot or bleeding spot.
Purpura is a nonspecific sign; however, the underlying mechanism involves platelets. Platelets maintain the blood vessel's integrity, and platelets form a hemostatic plug.
Platelets or thrombocytes are colorless ovals or small rod-shaped cells without a nucleus. The size of platelets is 2 to 4 microns in diameter. Three types of granules are present in the platelet cytoplasm.
1. alpha granules–contain some protein and a variety of coagulation factors, fibrinogen, vWF, and PDGF-(Platelet-derived growth factor).
2. delta granules are dense and contain non-protein substances of low molecular weight-ADP, ATP, Serotonin, and calcium.
3. lambda granules – are lysosomes, that contain acid hydrolases and hydrolytic enzymes.
When platelets are activated, the contents of these granules are discharged and promote platelet aggregation and fibrin deposition on the platelet.
The average platelet count is 1.5 to 4 lac per cubic millimeter of blood. The count is usually constant in health. There is some regulatory feedback mechanism to control its count. It is assumed that the erythropoietin-like hormone thrombopoietin regulates platelet formation.
In many cases, platelet formation is depressed temporarily and recovers when the causative factors are removed. Some drugs depress platelets' functions, which are retrieved when medications are stopped.
Thrombocytopenia is when the platelet count is less than 1.5 lac per cubic millimeter of blood.
Thrombasthenia is a condition in which the functions of the platelets are abnormal, but platelet count is within the standard limit.
Spontaneous bleeding may take place.
Thrombasthenia may be due to
Congenital disability of the -
1). Membrane glycoproteins –Bernerd Soulier syndrome.
2). Deficiency of dense granules.
Acquired :
Some drugs inhibit platelet functions. For example, medications like aspirin, indomethacin, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS ) prevent cyclooxygenase, thus preventing the conversion of Arachidonic acid to thromboxane B2.
Antibiotics, e.g., Penicillins, Heparin, and beta-blockers, also prevent platelet functions.
Classification of purpura:
Purpura hemorrhagica: is severe purpura when severe bleeding occurs in the skin, mucous membrane, and multiple internal organs leading to death.
Classification of purpura
1. Primary purpura is also known as idiopathic, the causative factor is not apparent, but it is postulated that it is due to autoimmunity, and
2. Secondary purpura –
Allergic may occur due to some allergy.
Infection by yellow fever, typhus, Infective endocarditis
Drugs like Iodide, bismuth, ergots and many others may block platelet functions and cause purpura.
Cancers in the advanced stage.
Diagnosis:
1. Complete blood count does, platelet count (C.B.C.) and
2. One may count platelets only.
3. Measurement of bleeding time.
The average value of bleeding time is -1 to 3 minutes.
An average bleeding time reflects sufficient platelet number, functions, and normal microvasculature.
Treatment:
Treatment of the underlying cause, and
Transfusion of platelets to prevent bleeding.
Prognosis
The prognosis is good except for Purpura hemorrhagica.
Hashtags :Thrombasthenia |Thrombocytosis |alpha |delta |lambda | granules|Purpura hemorrhagica | Platelet-derived growth factor|
Internal link: https://blog.totalphysiology.com/2021/01/plateletsthrombocytes.html
External link: https://en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki/Purpura
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Very informative
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