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Dyspnoea |Shortness of Breath|Respiratory Physiology

                                                                     Dyspnoea  This article discusses different causes of dyspnoea, stages of  dyspnoea, and more. Keywords : Psychometric | 5-point Likert Scale (5PLS) | MRC breathlessness scale| COPD|   Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Causes 3. Stages and severity 4. Treatment 5. Prognosis   About’ total physiology.com.’ This article is part of my mission to provide trustworthy, recent health information to support the general public, patients, and professionals globally. Here you will find human Physiology and health-related topics. This article is intended for all learners and medical care providers. This activity...

Fever Producing Substances: Pyrogens

Fever Producing Substances Fever causing Pyrogen is usually derived from microorganisms.   Keywords: Pyrogens, Cytokines, Interleukin, Endogenous, PGF2, Exogenous, Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), LPB- LPS, Tumor necrosis factor – α, Arachidonic -acid, PGE2. What is pyrogen? The fever-producing substance is pyrogen. The pyrogen is usually derived from microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, viroids, etc. When present in large amount may lead to severe inflammation when not treated, it may lead to shock, multi-organ failure, and even death.    Exogenous Pyrogens    Microbial:   Virus, Bacteria, Yeast, Fungus, Malarial parasites                      Lipopolysaccharide in gram-negative bacteria wall.                     Lipoteichoic in gram-positive bacteria.    Non–microbial:           ...