© 2021 Google   Parkinson's disease Tag: Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's disease, Tau protein , synucleinopathy, D1 receptors, D2 receptors, Braak staging of Parkinson's disease, Hoehn and yahr scale, Levodopa, Stereotactic Neurosurgery.   It is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease with insidious onset. In the beginning, the most important features are shaking rigidity, slowness of movements, and difficulty walking and writing. These motor symptoms are the characteristic feature of Parkinsonism or Parkinson's disease. Non-motor symptoms occur early but are nonspecific. Thinking, behavioral problems, depression, and anxiety are widespread- they appear in more than one-third of Parkinson's disease. In the advanced stage of the disease, dementia is common. Other symptoms are sensory, sleep, and emotional problems. There are two basic types of Parkinson's diseases: (1) Idiopathic – It is common, and the cause is not known, but genetic and environme...

© 2021 Google Hydrocephalus Keywords:  Why the head is enlarged, Monro Kellin's doctrine, macrocephaly, Ex Vacuo, non-communicating, communicating, Internal  hydrocephalus, External hydrocephalus. What is hydrocephalus? Excess accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in and around the brain is hydrocephalus characterized by increased CSF volume and progressive dilatation of the ventricles.Its incidence is 0.1 to 0.2% Hydrocephalus originates from the Greek word meaning water in the head or water in the brain. (Hydro=water,cephalus =head) It was described by Hippocrates 2000 yrs ago. The average CSF volume is about 150 ml, out of which 40ml is present in the brain and 110ml  is outside the brain. The average capacity of the brain is about 1600-1800 ml. The normal CSF pressure is 10 mm of Hg. or about 100 cm of water. Types of  hydrocephalus : 1. Increased pressure hydrocephalus which may be           ...

© 2021 Google                                                                                                                                                                                             Connections and functions of the cerebellum Keywords:   Paleocerebellum,  archi-cerebellum, neocerebellum, Stellate cells, basket cells, Purkinje m ossy fibers, climbing fibers, knee heel test feedforward inhibition, negative feedback loop, dystaxia Finger nose test, dysarthria adiadochokinosis, rebound phenomenon, ...

© 2021 Google                                                                  Cerebellum.   Keywords: Paleocerebellum, archi-cerebellum, neocerebellum, Stellate cells, basket cells, Purkinje cells, Granular cells, Golgi cells, branchium conjunctivum, branchium pontis.   The cerebellum is present in the posterior cranial fossa posterior to the brain stem. The brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. It appears as a separate structure at the bottom of the brain-cerebrum, from which it is separated by a fold of dura mater known as tentorium cerebelli. The cerebellum develops from the metencephalon of the rhombencephalon along with the pons. The medulla oblongata originates from the myelencephalon part of the rhombencephalon. The neurons are present on the surface of the cerebellum, so...